Climate change and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) create interconnected risks for livestock and aquaculture systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Climate-related pressures can increase reliance on antimicrobials, while AMR can reduce the resilience of animal-production systems. However, policies addressing these challenges are often developed separately.
Conducted through an ICARS-supported project, this review assessed 204 national policy documents from 51 LMICs published between 2015 and 2025. Of these, 170 addressed AMR and climate change in isolation, 21 included cross-references and 13 showed early signs of integration. None demonstrated full integration across governance, financing and monitoring. Fieldwork in the Philippines revealed similar challenges, including limited cross-sectoral coordination, weak surveillance, gaps in local implementation and financing, and insufficient representation of aquaculture.
The findings highlight an opportunity to integrate AMR and climate objectives through the One Health approach. Upcoming revisions of national AMR action plans, Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans could align objectives, surveillance and financing. Progress will also require stronger cross-sectoral governance, access to climate finance and meaningful participation by local governments, communities and the private sector.
